Internal Management Essay Example for Free

Inner Management Essay 1.0 Introduction I am a second year understudy of Applied Languages and Information Technology. I have been doled out an Internal Management Report on the enlistment, choice and acceptance preparing techniques for an organization. I have picked Hertz International Reservations Call Center in Swords, Co. Dublin as I as of late finished seven days on work position there. While on work arrangement there, I found out about how the call community works and the determination and preparing techniques. In my task I will give a report on my discoveries. 2.0 Recruitment Methods in Hertz The principle part of enlistment in Hertz is done through enrollment offices. The organization where Hertz use is Richmond Recruitment. Different methods for enrollment is by getting to applications on document. These current application structures might be postal CVs, messaged CVs or Internet applications. Applications can be made legitimately to Hertz on their site at www.hertz.com or www.hertz.co.uk. Every now and then papers are additionally utilized as an approach to enroll staff. Inward enlistment, for example positions for Team Leaders/Market supervisors is additionally famous inside Hertz call focus. 3.0 Selection Methods 3.1 Curriculum Vitaes All CVs which are gotten by Hertz are screened by the enrollment group as well as Team Leaders. The characteristics and skills wherein they search for in a CV are: * Customer administration aptitudes and experience, including a capacity to function admirably with people in general and a capacity to receive a client point of view. * Technical abilities, incorporating capability with PCs, frameworks and keyboarding aptitudes. * Strong verbal relational abilities, including great voice quality, style and enunciation. 3.2 Interviews After the procedure of the determination and disposal of CVs, the fruitless candidates are sent a letter inside weeks. The organizations are likewise advised. The acknowledged applicants are advised with a date and time of meeting. There are typically two meetings given. The enlistment group does the principal meet despite the fact that relying upon the position and CV. The second is performed by a Team head/Manager with an enrollment board. Similar inquiries are posed everything being equal (with the goal that substantial examinations can be made). The questioner underscores the requests of the activity for example move hours, end of the week work and so on. It is then dependent upon the possibility to choose whether they can focus on the activity or not. Instruction, why Hertz requests, most noteworthy accomplishments are only a portion of the inquiries which are posed in the meeting. On the off chance that the competitor is acceptable, the questioner gets some information about notification period, occasions booked, if a work license is required and compensation desires. The up-and-comer is then asked on the off chance that they have any inquiries, the agreement conditions are clarified and they are expressed gratitude toward for going to the meeting. Notes are taken by the questioner to help asses up-and-comers all the more viably after the meeting. They likewise help to convey to HR division and different directors. They unmistakably express the result of the meeting and an offer/dismissal is then made. 3.3 The meeting appraisal Toward the finish of a board meet, every individual from the board looks at the qualities of the up-and-comer against the rules set down part of the set of working responsibilities. This kind of examination guarantees objectivity and empowers the explanation behind choice/non-choice to be distinguished. After the second meeting, references are completed preceding offer. The enlistment group at that point offers the position, and an agreement is sent to the fruitful competitor. At the point when the agreement is restored, a worker document is set up. 4.0 Induction 4.1 Customer Service Training On the issue and affirmation of a position offered, Hertz Swords, tells the representative of the initiation of their position. Every new worker must finish a four to multi week concentrated instructional class. (Contingent upon long periods of preparing every day). This starts from the very first moment. A schedule is given to every representative to show the program of Induction preparing. On the primary day photos are taken for get to cards which are expected to enter and leave the structure and to have lunch. The new representatives are then acquainted with mentors and one another. An introduction on the historical backdrop of Hertz and diagram of the organization is then given. Wellbeing and security, HR and finance are clarified trailed by a voyage through the structure, client administrations and fire security. Short breathers and lunch are timetabled in the middle. Staff handbooks are given out which remembers numerous significant issues for being a representative at Hertz. It gives the representative on significant data, for example, bottle offices, PCs, discipline techniques, tranquilize strategy, security, nonattendance, equivalent chances, tormenting lewd behavior and the sky is the limit from there. During week one of preparing the worker is allowed the chance to get comfortable and loose inside Hertz. Week two of preparing comprises of shadowing calls. This is finished by sitting with a Team chief or client assistance operator and tuning in on their approaching and outbound calls. This is occurred in the market language of the situation of the student. The reason for this is to give the representative an understanding into what their activity initials. The learners perceive how the specialist enters the data into the PC. In week three and four the learner is then idea how the framework is utilized which is Escalibre. Nation, city and air terminal codes are found out. There are additionally codes for the vehicle type. Every vehicle has four codes. Each position in the four-character vehicle code speaks to a determinable attribute of the vehicle. They are given a rundown on the imput codes and should learn them off. The student is additionally prepared in deals, for example step by step instructions to sell a vehicle reservation and how to accept a call. Here are a few rules where they are prepared to follow: * Try to pick up the phone immediately * Greet the guest with an unmistakable, happy voice * Identify yourself * Listen intently and offer help. * Act with speed and civility * Offer our client an agreeable end to his/her call. * Create a decent picture of Hertz They are prepared concerning how to manage an irate guest: * Firstly, dont think about the issue literally * Stay quiet and tune in! * Be tolerant. * Avoid hindering until the guest has released pressure. * Avoid being impolite yourself * Use cautious addressing to sift through the issue * Offer positive help where conceivable. * If you can't manage the issue, ensure you give the call to somebody who can. * Never make bogus vows to dispose of the issue Further preparing in week four comprises of make mock calls for example rehearsing with different students, turning around jobs as the client support operator and client. Clients name is consistently Mr. Test! Extra preparing is given on the unique offers, Hertz # 1 club gold card, Le trade magique and different bundles. The student is pondered the advantages and terms and conditions, which must be disclosed to the clients. After the a month of preparing the new worker is prepared to begin their new position. Further hands on preparing is given during the term of their new business. 4.2 Prevention of strain/injury Preparing must follow legitimate consistence. Without preparing operators are presented to fundamentally expanded danger of hurts, torments, stress and crippling injury. Data alone is once in a while viable as staff will in general excuse it. Staff need to see how to benefit as much as possible from their workstation (seat, work area and gear), how to assume liability for their own solace and security and what to do if issues emerge. Supervisors and IT faculty should be comfortable with strategy of working environment and gear and security to guarantee arranging and upkeep are right. 5.0 Conclusions/Recommendations I feel Hertz International Call Center in Swords has an exceptionally cutting-edge and proficient Recruitment, Selection and Training methodology. The meetings are extreme by non-unfair. The determination system is fairly as it is basic for the organization to pick the correct up-and-comer appropriate for the position. The inner enrollment is additionally extremely fruitful as it gives the current staff of Hertz to advance inside the organization. Their preparation is skilful and extraordinary. The on-going preparing inside the organization is fruitful and proficient. I feel Hertz profits by the systems in which they have set up for the enlistment, determination and preparing of staff. 6.0 Bibliography I might want to thank all the staff working in Hertz. Without them this report would not be conceivable. I got the vast majority of my insight and data on the organization from them. I might likewise want to thank my aunt Ann for plunking down to converse with me about her work in Hertz.

Establishing a Daily Writing Routine

Building up a Daily Writing Routine There are some particular things which each author needs: created innovativeness, motivation, commitment, ability. In any case, there is additionally one thing which impacts each one of those referenced before †the composing schedule. Just composing routine assists with turning into a gainful and sure author. In reality, any author who needs to succeed and accomplish one's objectives needs to have and follow a composing schedule. Working without a composing routine can undoubtedly lead you to the snare of stalling, or you might be frustrated that your work streams off course. Truth be told, a normal makes composing a standard propensity. It truly works, incidentally! Things being what they are, how to set up an appropriate day by day composing routine for yourself? How about we investigate some valuable tips concerning this issue. Make certain to discover something that will support you! FocusThe first thing you need to do is to concentrate on that bit of work you are presently engaged with. Close on all interruptions that may meddle your consideration. The more engaged you are, the better item you will make. In this way, jump into the universe of writing!Start your work earlyIt is expressed by many individuals that the most profitable time is promptly toward the beginning of the day. Along these lines, don't botch an opportunity to work during those hours. It truly works, since your brain is still projection however with an extraordinary number of new thoughts that simply should be put on a paper. What's more, you will invest the rest energy of a day being glad for your prior achievements.Keep a putting down log It is a smart thought to account or make a few notes about the amount you compose every day. You will see then which days are more and less gainful. Be certain that this procedure will make you increasingly roused, just as it will present to you some fulfill ment to see the improvement. Anyway, it guarantees that you will adhere to your every day composing routine.Tell your loved ones about your achievementsLet your companions, relatives and close individuals think about your composing accomplishment. Get some information about the input. This demonstration of verbalization will assist you with following the rhythm, since each time you will need to show them new outcomes and accomplishments. You will be progressively roused to furnish those individuals with another material not to ruin their expectations.Try word runs methodThis technique is an extraordinary method to put all words from your brain onto the page. For instance, you have a brief timeframe, let it be 30 minutes. During this time, you should be engaged with composing without any breaks and interruptions. The point of this strategy is to record whatever number words as would be prudent, giving yourself an opportunity to compose rapidly and unreservedly. Word runs can be utili zed so as to build up an every day composing routine.Create an uncommon composing space Many essayists think about that as an appropriate composing space impacts a ton a day by day composing schedule. That is truly evident. It is very helpful to have a spot that is only for composing and where you can escape from common life and plunge into an anecdotal world. Any author ought to have such spot with regards to setting up composing as a standard propensity. These simple tips will assist everyone with becoming a sure author and build up a composing schedule. Stick to what you do and love what you do. These things are additionally vital!

How to Write a Literary Research Paper

How to Write a Literary Research PaperYou may have heard of the term literary research but don't really know what it means. This type of research is different from other types of research because it involves writing about the topic. You are expected to think of the book that will serve as your source material.You can easily learn how to write a literary research paper by researching the topic that you would like to write about. It is important to understand that there are certain rules to keep in mind when writing the paper. After all, this is going to be used for your coursework or thesis statement. Before you even start the research process, you should first choose a topic for your paper.People who are good at writing research papers often have an idea of what they would like to write about. However, if you are a writer, you will need to conduct some background research on the topic to get a good idea of what you want to write about. This research will help you get an idea of what to write in your paper.Of course, there are many different sources of literary research. There are many books written on the topic, especially biographies of famous people who were also writers. You can also use the Internet to find interesting and informative articles written about the topic.The process of writing a literary research paper is quite easy. One of the first things that you need to do is gather all of the information that you need. After gathering all of the information, you need to organize and write the information into the research paper.To use this process to its maximum advantage, you need to organize everything so that you can easily access the information that you need. Organizing your information is actually easier than you think. All you need to do is create a system where you can easily access the information that you need.When you want to learn how to write a literary research paper, one of the most important aspects to take note of is organization. Before y ou begin writing the paper, write down the important pieces of information that you will need. Once you have all of the information that you need, you can now begin writing the paper. Don't worry about the spelling, grammatical errors, and incorrect formatting because you can always edit the paper after you are done writing it.If you are looking for tips on how to write a literary research paper, this article can help you. Make sure that you take note of the process of organization and writing the paper. These are the two most important parts of writing a research paper, and once you have learned how to organize and write the paper, your paper will be much easier to write.

Essay about Gang Injunctions - 10585 Words

1 First California, Then Utah, Should Idaho Follow Suit? Effectiveness and Constitutionality of Gang Injunctions Ryan Jacobsen* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 GENERAL STANDARD FOR ISSUING AN INJUNCTION .................................... 3 WHAT IS A CIVIL GANG INJUNCTION? ............................................................... 4 HISTORY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF GANG INJUNCTIONS .............................. 6 A. Brief History ........................................................................................................... 6 B. Effectiveness†¦show more content†¦a, New Mexico, and Illinois.9 It is further estimated that, on average, gang members in the United States commit approximately 50% of total violent crimes, while some states and jurisdictions report much larger percentages.10 California and Illinois, who rank closely with Idaho, report that gang members commit approximately 90% of violent crimes in their states.11 These violent crimes include assault, extortion, home invasions, drug trafficking, homicide, weapons trafficking, intimidation, shootings, etc.12 Other crimes routinely committed by gang members include vandalism, graffiti, personal drug possession, petty theft, and simple assault.13 Law enforcement is also beginning to report a recent evolution in criminal-gang activity from traditional gang crimes to alien smuggling, human trafficking, prostitution, and even white-collar crimes.14 Idaho law enforcement emphasizes that the majority of gang-related crimes in Idaho come from local, neighborhood-based gangs,15 which pose the greatest threat to communities according to the national gang threat assessment—greater than national-level street gangs, prison gangs, and outlaw motorcycle gangs.16 Idaho has a gang task force, known as the Treasure Valley Metro Gang Taskforce, to help tackle the gang violence problem in the Boise area, known as Treasure Valley.17 While gang-related drive-by shootings have become common in Treasure Valley, it is estimated that communities outside that geographical area are onlyShow MoreRelatedGangs and Injunctions1330 Words   |  6 PagesGangs and Injunctions Criminal activities and gangs have mostly always been an on going problem in the United States. Gangs and gang members are frequently involved with a variety of different crimes. The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey reported that there are approximately 774,000 active gang members in the United States (Egley, Howell, Moore, 2010). The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey also states that there are about 27,900 active gangs in the United States (Egley et al., 2010). The activeRead MoreThe Civil Injunction Process Essay884 Words   |  4 Pageshead: THE CIVIL INJUNCTION PROCESS The Civil Injunction Process STUDENT’S NAME PROFESSOR’S NAME The Civil Injunction Process The following scenario presents key players in any law enforcement agency, possible dialogs, inter-agency politics, and concerns when change is proposed. The  facts come from an actual experience in Redondo Beach, California. This study is about using the Civil Injunction Process against street gangs. I believe that the North Side Protectors gang was allowed toRead MoreThe Violence Of African American Communities953 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican-American communities and their issues with gang violence, government assistance, and the lack of jobs in their communities it is clear to say that the American Dream or even a moderate lifestyle was not created for all African Americans and Minorities and since we found a way to be noticed, heard, and felt like they’re rightfully a part of something America wants to now label it â€Å"war or Drugs† and â€Å"gang Violence† thus creating Gang Injunctions in those predominantly of color communities. NowRead MoreCauses Of Gangs1852 Words   |  8 Pagespeople see gangs as intimidating, threatening, dangerous, and problematic. In fact, as discussed in class; gangs are considered problematic because they intimidate citizens, sell drugs, party in public, stash weapons, and commit crime without getting caught (Lecture, 9/12) . Society as a whole, judges gang members and places such a negative reputation on them. The frustrating part is that instead of offering a second/third chance for these individuals and provide them with alternatives to the gang streetRead MorePolice Officers Are Under Constant Scrutiny859 Words   |  4 Pageswitness. Frantically compelling how the gang members could possible follow him to his house and threaten him and his family. Furthermore, he felt he needed more protect and asked to be taken to and from court with the police by his side. Mr. Hernandez fearfulness did not come from thin air; it came from a realization of past accounts possible due to similar events among. Living in an area where crime is prevalent and a way of life he understood the influence the gangs present in the city. Mr. HernandezRead MoreWhat Drives Adolescents to Join a Gang?683 Words   |  3 PagesJoining a Gang and Their Mind Mentality Parents want the best for their children. They try their best to keep them happy. However they tend to lose their children to the streets and the gangs. Why adolescences join these gangs should not be the question. There are many reasons why they join. Some reasons could be the absence of a parent, whether it is the mother or father. Lack of discipline or their parent’s could be a drug abuser. What motivates an adolescence to desire and acquire gang membershipRead MoreThe Mission Of The Sdwcc Task Force Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pagesthe West Coast Crips gang by creating a renewed community confidence and enhanced quality of life through a three pronged prevention, intervention, and suppression strategy. We will educate community members on the negative impacts of gang participation and attractive alternatives for families, and in particular the youth, in a robust prevention effort. We will utilize law enforcement and other emerging resources, to engineer intervention solutio ns for those at risk of gang membership and those alreadyRead MoreThe Mexican Mafia And Organized Crime3946 Words   |  16 PagesThe Mexican Mafia, or â€Å"La Eme†, as they refer to themselves, is one of the most powerful and influential organized crime gangs in the United States. The organization has risen through the decades of mass gang wars and violence to become the power it is today. Their control is limitless and they have ventured far beyond the expectations of what was thought that gangs were capable of. They have infiltrated governments and manipulated politics. They have taken over neighborhoods and attempted to ethnicallyRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Criminal Street Gang1212 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal street gang. Not only does MLO fit the definition of what a reasonable person would believe a street gang to be, but most importantly it fits the definition of a criminal street gang as it is defined in the California STEP act. According Ludeke’s article, MLO has been responsible for nearly killing a young man, beating another, and threatening witnesses with death if they went to the police. While he recognizes that MLO is not as big a threat or as notorious as other well-known gangs, it doesRead MoreCase Analysis : Rafael Rivera1770 Words   |  8 Pagesmisconduct (Frontline, 2001). Perez’s testimony included several accusations against officers for wrongful arrests and because of this information, as many as 100 convictions had to be overturned. One of the overturned convictions was of a former gang member, Javier Ovando, who was shot and then framed by Perez and his partner Nino Durden for assaulting the two officers. Ovando, who was paralyzed after being shot, was serving a 23-year sentence for the alleged assault when he received the news

Film Analysis 12 Angry Men Essay - 789 Words

Guilty or not guilty, often an easy answer when you are not considering a life is on the line. However when a life is on the line, meaning that if the verdict is guilty, the person is automatically sentenced to death, you would hope a jury would be sure that a person is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, before sending a person to death. While watching the movie, 12 Angry Men, what seemed to be an open-and-shut guilty verdict for the jury, instead took a viewer through numerous ethical dilemmas, specifically dealing with prejudice, capital punishment, integrity, anger and hostility resulting in reasonable doubt. Overview of Film A young man who is 18-years is on trial for the first-degree murder of his father, who the prosecution is†¦show more content†¦Ethical Dilemmas Over the course of the deliberations, the evidence that at first seemed so convincing is now being questioned, and often the jurors confront their own biases and prejudices leading them to either decide the defendant is guilty or not guilty regardless of the actual facts. Juror #1 is the Forman, he tries to be fair, and keep order within the hot room. He is convinced the defendant is guilty however, he wants to be sure they follow the judicial process regardless of how long it will take. After reviewing many of the facts of the case, he changes his view and votes not guilty based on reasonable doubt. Juror #3 is confident that the defendant is guilty and is convinced that this is the only option. Often yelling and angry that anyone would consider him anything but guilty. McLemore’s â€Å"Guideline #24: A fool thinks that he is always right† (2003), Juror #3’s mind was made up and he didn’t want anyone to confuse him with the facts. Towards the end of the movie, you can see why he is so determined to convict the defendant, it’s not about the case, it’s about a boy that reminds him of his own son, and their volatile relationship. He was the last juror to finally understand that his bias was stopping him from seeing the facts clearly, and finally votes not guilty. Juror #7, wants to move on, get the deliberations over with as quick as possible, since he has tickets to the ball game. He is soShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis: 12 Angry Men1479 Words   |  6 Pages12 Angry Men (1957) focuses on a group of unnamed jurymen who must come to a unanimous decision regarding the guilt or innocence of an 18-year-old charged with murdering his father. While the trial is not depicted in the film, the jury deliberations are the central focus and examine several aspects of organization change and the obstacles that must be overcome in order to come to a unanimous agreement over the guilt or innocence of the accused. 12 Angry Men (1957) is a good example of the differentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film 12 Angry Men 917 Words   |  4 Pagesthe team to reach its goals, the way in which communication is done can also affect the team’s progress. In the film â€Å"12 Angry Men†, many of the pros and cons of group communication are highlighted. An overarching and prominent theme of discussion in the movie is the impact that personality has on the way that individuals communicate with others. The members of the jury from the film run the gamut of communication and personality styles. Some team members are wise and empathetic, but there areRead More12 Angry Men Film Analysis711 Words   |  3 Pages12 Angry Men is an example of the role cinematography can play in creating the atmosphere of a film. This film is set almost entirely in one room, but is still able to construct extreme tension like few other films have been able to do. It establishes this partly through the brilliant dialogue and fiery performances of its twelve actors, but also through powerful use of cinematography that helps in creating the gradually-festering atmosphere of the film. The opening scene of 12 Angry Men is a low-angleRead More12 Angry Men Film Analysis1502 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: 12 Angry Men is a 1957 American courtroom drama film adapted from a teleplay of the same name by Reginald Rose. Written and co-produced by Rose himself and directed by Sidney Lumet, this trial film tells the story of a jury made up of 12 men as they deliberate the guilt or acquittal of a defendant on the basis of reasonable doubt, forcing the jurors to question their morals and values. In the United States, a verdict in most criminal trials by jury must be unanimous. The film is notableRead MoreFilm Analysis Of 12 Angry Men1946 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION: 12 Angry Men is a 1957 American courtroom drama film adapted from a teleplay of the same name by Reginald Rose. Written and co-produced by Rose himself and directed by Sidney Lumet, this trial film tells the story of a jury made up of 12 men as they deliberate the guilt or acquittal of a defendant on the basis of reasonable doubt, forcing the jurors to question their morals and values. In the United States, a verdict in most criminal trials by jury must be unanimous. The film is notableRead More12 Angry Men: Analysis of the Film Essays3916 Words   |  16 PagesAnalysis of The film 12 Angry Men Jason Lovett MBA 611 Richard Devos School of Business Management Northwood University Executive Summary The Movie Twelve Angry Men is the ultimate example of a group of people forced to interact in order to reach a single, defined goal. The jury, which consists of 12 men, must deliberate until a unanimous decision is reached. In this specific example, which takes place in a New York courthouse, the decision holds the life of an 18 year old in the balanceRead MoreGroup Communication In 12 Angry Men935 Words   |  4 Pages12 Angry Men: Group Analysis Paper In 1957, the producers H. Fonda, G. Justin and R. Rose collaborated with the director S. Lumet to create the film, 12 Angry Men. In this paper, I will provide an analysis of the small group communication displayed by the main characters in the motion picture. I will discuss group communications, group development, group membership, group diversity, and group leadership. These topics will be dissected in order to properly examine the characters’ behavior. TheRead MoreGroup Decision-Making, Leadership, Influence and Power: Illustrations from the Film â€Å"12 Angry Men†1703 Words   |  7 PagesThe film â€Å"12 Angry Men (1957)† present a diverse group of twelve American jurors brought together to decide the guilt or innocence of a teenaged defendant in a seemingly open-and-shut murder trial case. The film illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of group decision-making, group developmental stages, leadership personality and models, social influence tactics and outcomes, and the bases of social power. The following advantages of group decision-making were demonstrated in this approximatelyRead More12 Angry Men Analysis909 Words   |  4 PagesMatter of Perspective: Heads or Tails The 1957 film 12 Angry Men is based around a group of twelve jurors as they decide the fate of a boy accused of murdering his father. From the very beginning the group is divided between those that think he is guilty, and those that don’t know. Every juror has their own opinion and reasoning behind their position, but there are two men that seem to become the backbones of their respective arguments. For the majority voting guilty, Juror #3 is the the criticalRead More12 Angry Men - Analysis3445 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction 12 Angry Men (1957) is one of the most acclaimed feature films of all time. It was produced at a time when the United States was just twelve years out of World War II and â€Å"Leave It To Beaver† and â€Å"Father Knows Best† broadcast across television airwaves the perfection, conformity and affluence of American life that had been generated by the Great War. Additionally, this film was listed on the university syllabus as one of three films to see in regard to this course, Management 610 – Contexts

The Evolving Challenges Of Sustainability Between Ancient...

The evolving challenges of sustainability between ancient and modern civilisations. A healthy natural environment is indispensible to the wellbeing of humans everywhere in the world. From the provisioning adequate food, clean water and air, to regulating diseases, ecosystem services and human health depend on conditions of the natural environment. Links between the natural environment and human livelihood are complex. Human resource and land use are structured by limits of the environment. Environmental determinism has in the past been a prominent theory when exploring the relationship between humans and the environment. The concept is that the evolution and development of humans, culture and society is a direct response to the†¦show more content†¦An example of where this has occurred is in the civilisation that once inhabited Easter Island. The history of the island has become a symbol of human induced ecological and subsequent cultural collapse. It was home to the ancient civilisation, of Polynesian decent and is most well known for the hundreds of Moai stone statues that were erected across the island by the ancient civilisation (Diamond, 2006) . It is known that the society on Easter Island was a complex society but at the time that Europeans discovered the island, the population had crashed and was almost decim ated (de la Croix and Dottori, 2008). Ecological collapse is often regarded as the predominant factor, which caused the societal collapse. The limits set by Easter Islands geography presented challenges to early human settlers. The climate is cool, windy and dry compared to other pacific islands. The cooler waters resulted in a reduced availability of fish and shellfish, one of the main dietary staples for other civilisations in the pacific at that time(Diamond, 2006). The accessibility to fresh water was also difficult. The porous volcanic soils caused the water to percolate quickly. There is only one fresh water stream on the island and few fresh water springs, offshore and ponds in volcanic craters (Diamond, 2006). Its geographical isolation in the south pacific, 3200km from the coast of Chile and 2000km from the nearest of the other south pacific island, the Pitcairn

Ancient Egyptian Essay Example For Students

Ancient Egyptian Essay Egyptian creation stories tell of several variations of how the world was composed. According to one variation, the ocean was the only thing in existence. Then the sun, Ra, came out of an egg (or a flower in some versions) that appeared on the surface of the water. Ra created four children. They were the gods Shu and Geb and the goddesses Tefnut and Nut. Shu and Tefnut became the air, who stood on Geb, the earth, and held up Nut, who became the sky. Ra ruled over all. It was not uncommon for siblings to have children in ancient Egypt, and Geb and Nut had two sons, Set and Osiris, and two daughters, Isis and Nephthys. Osiris succeeded Ra as the king of the earth, helped by Isis. However, Set hated his brother out of jealousy and killed him. Isis embalmed Osiris body with the aid of the god Anubis, who then became the god of embalming. Isis then resurrected Osiris, and he became the god of the afterlife and the land of the dead. Horus, the son of Osiris and Isis, later defeated Set in an immense battle and became king of the earth. Another version tells that Ra emerged from primeval waters. From him came Shu, the god of air and Tefnut, the goddess of moisture. From their union ame Geb and Nut, who held the same positions as the above version. Yet another version tells that Ra became the god of the afterlife, but was still supreme. GODS The ancient Egyptian theology dealt with hundreds of deities. These gods changed during the different dynasties and their importance depended on the views of the rulers of the kingdom. The Egyptians worshipped their gods at temples, and each was dedicated to a particular god. A statue of the god stood in the center of these temples. Every day, priests would clean and dress the statue and offer it meals before the worshipping ceremonies took place. Ra Ra means creator. He is or was for a time, in nearly all accounts of Egyptian mythology, the supreme god. He was the father of the gods, the fashioner of men, the creator of cattle, the lord of all being. He is the god of the sun in most of these accounts and is shown as a man with a falcons head. He carries a staff and the symbol for life, the ankh. The symbol of the sun, also known as the solar disc, is above his head. Despite the fact that h e was a very important figure to Egyptians, he had few temples dedicated to him. This was because of the fact that his importance was reflected in all other worshipping rituals. The pharaohs named themselves as sons of Ra. The passage of the sun across the sky obviously fascinated the Egyptians and from it rose many metaphors. At dawn the sun was regarded as a newborn child emerging from the womb of Nut. The sun was also associated with a falcon flying across the midday sun, thus Ras appearance. He could also be a boat sailing across the great blue sea of the heavens. At dusk he was an old man stepping down to the land of the dead. Amon Amon is the complete one. He was regarded as an important deity after the second millennium BC, and considered supreme, surpassing even Ra, after the ixteenth century B. C. He, like most other gods, had the body of a man. He had a human head, and wears a crown with two tall plumes on its top. Amon started out having power over the air or wind, but was not in complete control of these forces. He later acquired powers of fertility that had belonged to the god Min, the god of harvest. By being accepted as the supreme god, Ra was a rival. To satisfy the claims of supremacy made by Amon and Ra, the two deities merged to form the god Amon-Ra or Amon-Re. This new god was worshipped as king of the gods, creator of the universe, and the father of the pharaohs. Amon-Ra was said to have guided the pharaohs in the battlefield. During the battle of Kadesh, 1286 BC, Amon-Ra is supposed to have comforted the pharaoh by saying, Forward! Your father is with you! My powerful hand will slay a hundred thousand men. Osiris Osiris was said to be the king and judge of the dead. Because the importance of the afterlife was so immense in the Egyptians, Osiris was a very important figure in worship cults. In fact, for a period, the worshipping of Osiris in the Nile Valley became so popular, it almost exceeded that of the sun god and father of the pharaohs, Ra. The chief eason for his importance was the assistance he gave the Egyptians with embalming, which was considered essential for life after death. Osiris was described as a man with a long black beard. His arms are in the crossed position of mummies and carries a crook and a flail, which symbolized his power over the dead, his nature as a dying and rising god, and his command over agriculture. He wears the white crown of Upper Egypt. His personal emblem is two stalks of corn placed on top of each other. Isis Isis is the mother goddess. She is often illustrated as suckling the child Horus. The name Isis is a Greek rendition of the Egyptian name Ast. Worship of Isis became widespread in the Greco-Roman culture until from it came a mysterious cult that worshipped both her and Osiris. This cult gained much popularity until the spread of Christianity. Horus Horus, son of Osiris and Isis, was depicted as looking much like Ra, apart from the symbol above his head and clothing. Like Ra, Horus had the head of a falcon and the body of a man and holds a staff in one hand and the ankh in the other. Unlike Ra, Horus wears the double crown on his head, showing that he was king of both Upper and Lower Egypt. Ptah Ptah was illustrated as a mummified man with a shaven or bound head and held a scepter. At first he was most likely a fertility god like Min because his name has connections with the womb. In the third millennium BC, priests serving Ptah claimed that Ptah manifested himself in many ways. It was believed that Ptah created the gods, made their seats of worship, established their sacrifices, and fashioned their forms. He was the molder of all things. Ptah became the protector and advocate to sacred arts and crafts. Later, Ptah was associated with lesser deities, especially those related to the dead. He was then known as Ptah-Seker. The name Seker came from the god of the same name, who was the mummiform god of the dead. In some instances, Ptah was linked to Osiris, thus the name Ptah- Seker-Osiris. Other Deities Aapep the Egyptian serpent and enemy of Ra, known usually by his Greek name Apophis. Ammut The Eater of the Dead. Part crocodile, part hippopotamus, and part lion, Ammut ate the souls of those unworthy to spend eternity in Osiris kingdom. He was usually illustrated with mostly crocodile features. Aten the deity worshipped as the universal and creator god by the pharaoh Akhenaten. Public Bank Group : strategy and analysisDuring the judgment process, the kas heart, which was meant in the symbolic sense but illustrated in the physical sense, was weighed on the Scales of Judgment against the Feather of Truth before Osiris and his forty-two assessors. Anubis held the scale and weighed the heart and Thoth recorded the result. If deemed worthy, the ka would be allowed to spend eternity in Duat. If not worthy, the ka would be subject to hunger and thirst for several days, then the crocodile god Ammut would eat him. In order to gain the best judgment in Osiris court, the ka had to be able to use magic spells and protest his innocence. But there were also practical ways of gaining Osiris mercy. A worshipper could visit Osiris temple at Abydos at some time during his life and leave some inscribed offering. The Book of the Dead also contains instructions for proper conduct efore Osiris court. The Book of the Dead also tells about life in Duat. In Duat, grain grew twelve feet tall and existence was a glorified version of life on earth. Osiris expected the dead to do small amounts of work in these grain fields in exchange for his protection and allowance to stay in Duat. THE STORY OF OSIRIS As the son of Geb, Osiris succeeded his father to the position of ruler over Upper Egypt. He then took his sister Isis as his wife. First on his agenda as king was to civilize his subjects. This included abolishing cannibalism, showing them how to make agricultural tools, and cultivate rapes and wheat. He instructed them on how to make bread and wine and the arts of music and weaving. He also created a legal system and established religious worship. His wife, Isis, taught her subjects to ground flour, weave, and cure illnesses. She is often credited with establishing the custom of marriage. Having civilized Egypt, Osiris decided to do the same for the rest of the world, leaving Isis to rule during his travels. After several years, he returned, pleased to find that Isis rule had kept everything in order. But shortly afterward his brother Seth, who had immense jealousy in Osiris ower and success, planned to kill him. Seth invited Osiris to a banquet, and a beautiful coffer was presented to him. Seth said that whoever could fit into the coffer could own it. Osiris was first in accepting the challenge. He climbed in, and Seth and his fellow conspirators nailed the lid shut and sealed it with lead. During the protection of the night, they dropped it into the Nile. The coffer floated out to sea, and after some time settled at the base of a tamarisk tree at Byblos. The tree sensed the valuable nature of the contents of the coffer and grew protectively around it. When the king of Byblos ordered the tree cut for a supporting pillar of the roof of his palace, his servants did so, and a delightful scent rose from it. Word of the scent of the tree quickly spread far and wide. Back in Egypt, Isis was mourning the loss of Osiris. She did so by cutting off her hair and tearing her clothes. She was informed of the tree and immediately recognized its significance. She quickly set off to Byblos. Malcandre gave the tree trunk to Isis, and she retrieved the coffer. She then took the coffer back to Egypt and hid it in the swamps of the Nile delta. There she opened it, and tried to breathe life into Osiris. She succeeded in keeping him alive long enough for him to impregnate her. Soon afterwards, Seth was hunting in the swamps and found the coffer. Infuriated that Osiris still existed, Seth cut the body into fourteen pieces and scattered them across Egypt. With the aid of Nut, Isis sought the pieces of the body, and recovered all but the genitals, which were gone forever. She was successful in resurrecting Osiris. Osiris went before the gods and discredited Seth. Having regained life, his reputation, and the throne as ruler of Egypt, Osiris could have stayed on the earth, but instead chose to become lord of the land of the ead, which was believed to exist just past the western horizon. Isis, assisted by Anubis, prepared Osiris for his journey to the land of the dead with the first embalming rituals, which established the ritual of burial in Egypt. The magic of Isis was considered important to gain acceptance into the land of the dead. Later, Isis gave birth to the child Horus, who she kept hidden in the swamp to protect him from the rage of Seth. THE SENILITY OF RA When Isis, the wife and sister of Osiris, was the servant of the sun god Ra, she persuaded him to confide his secret name to her, for whoever knew he name would be granted much magic and power. She did this by collecting some of the spittle that dripped from his lips and mixing it with earth. From this concoction she formed an asp, a deadly snake, which she placed in Ras path. The snake bit and poisoned Ra who, being senile, was not able to cure himself. Only Isis could remove the poison and the pain. She told Ra that she would, but only if he told her his secret name. He refused. The effects of the venom grew worse. Eventually Ra gave in and uttered the name to Isis, on the condition that she never tell anyone else. Isis then ained some of his power and she became unmatched in the magic arts. HORUS REVENGE Horus was raised in the swamps of the Nile Delta in utmost secrecy by his mother, Isis. When he reached manhood he vowed to avenge the death of his father, Osiris. He fought many lengthy battles with Seth. In one of these battles he lost an eye. Eventually, Horus killed him. The gods had judged that Horus had won an honorable victory. In another version of the story, Horus had emasculated Seth rather than kill him. He appeared before the council of the gods and claimed he had the right to the throne of his father, Osiris. But Seth insisted that he imself be crowned, arguing that Horus was illegitimate because he was mysteriously conceived after Osiris death. Finally, the cow goddess Neith convinced through threats that the gods should give the office of Osiris to his son Horus, she declared, and do not act wickedly, else I become angry, and send heaven crashing to the ground. He was granted rule over both Upper and Lower Egypt, even though his father only ruled Upper Egypt. To mark the event, Horus gave Osiris the eye he had lost and wore a serpent on his head as his second eye. Thereafter, the pharaohs of Egypt wore the serpent on their crown as a symbol of royal authority.